企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)主體，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在創(chuang)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)職能。《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央關于制定國民經濟(ji)和社(she)會發(fa)(fa)展第十四個五年(nian)規劃和二〇三五年(nian)遠景目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議》提出，發(fa)(fa)揮大(da)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)引領(ling)支撐作用，支持創(chuang)新(xin)型中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)長為創(chuang)新(xin)重要(yao)發(fa)(fa)源地，加強共性(xing)技術(shu)平臺建(jian)設，推動產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈上中(zhong)(zhong)下游、大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融通(tong)創(chuang)新(xin)。這進一步明(ming)確了不(bu)同(tong)(tong)規模企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在創(chuang)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)定位，指出了大(da)中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向。
中小微企(qi)業在促進經(jing)濟發展、保障勞動力就業、滿足生產生活(huo)需求等方面發揮著(zhu)重要作用。第(di)四次全(quan)(quan)國經(jing)濟普查結果顯(xian)示，2018年末，我國共有中小微企(qi)業法人單位1807萬(wan)家，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)規模企(qi)業法人單位的(de)99.8%;吸納就業人員(yuan)23300.4萬(wan)人，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)企(qi)業就業人員(yuan)的(de)比重為79.4%;擁有資(zi)產總計402.6萬(wan)億(yi)元，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)企(qi)業的(de)77.1%;全(quan)(quan)年營(ying)業收入(ru)達到188.2萬(wan)億(yi)元，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)企(qi)業的(de)68.2%。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在創(chuang)新方面獨具(ju)特(te)(te)色。首(shou)先，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)新內在動力(li)強。由于缺乏市(shi)場(chang)優勢，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業往往面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭壓力(li)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)突出(chu)，在短期經濟條件下，大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)緩解(jie)了競爭壓力(li)，而隨著產品(pin)供給的(de)(de)(de)(de)過剩，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業通常(chang)處于充分競爭或過度(du)競爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)環境之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，更(geng)趨向于尋求(qiu)(qiu)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化和新的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會。其次，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業對市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)更(geng)為敏(min)感。一(yi)般(ban)而言，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業直接服務(wu)市(shi)場(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)，能夠更(geng)加(jia)(jia)準確把(ba)握需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點和變化，不僅能較快地發現創(chuang)新機會，而且對于科技成果的(de)(de)(de)(de)現實應(ying)用有更(geng)加(jia)(jia)深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)。從技術(shu)演(yan)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷程來看(kan)，許多(duo)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新最(zui)初均來自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業最(zui)先捕捉到創(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)機遇。此外，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業創(chuang)新具(ju)有多(duo)樣性特(te)(te)征(zheng)。多(duo)樣性是(shi)創(chuang)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)源泉，也(ye)是(shi)良(liang)好(hao)創(chuang)新生態的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本特(te)(te)征(zheng)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業在滿足人們多(duo)樣化需求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，更(geng)易激發創(chuang)新活(huo)力(li)。
隨著創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)不斷推(tui)進，涌現出一批創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。根(gen)據(ju)第四次全國經濟普查，2018年(nian)末(mo)(mo)，科(ke)學研究和(he)技術(shu)(shu)服務領(ling)域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)達到(dao)114.1萬家(jia)，比(bi)(bi)2013年(nian)末(mo)(mo)增加(jia)81.5萬家(jia)，累計增長2.5倍(bei);信息傳輸、軟(ruan)件和(he)信息技術(shu)(shu)服務領(ling)域(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)91萬家(jia)，比(bi)(bi)2013年(nian)末(mo)(mo)增加(jia)69.3萬家(jia)，增長3.19倍(bei)。創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展對于(yu)釋放全社會創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)潛力，促(cu)進新(xin)(xin)舊(jiu)動能轉換發(fa)揮了(le)積極作用。中(zhong)(zhong)國創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)成(cheng)長指數調查先后(hou)分三期對創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)進行了(le)調查，樣本以高新(xin)(xin)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)戰略性(xing)新(xin)(xin)興(xing)產(chan)業(ye)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)為主體，區域(yu)分布涵蓋了(le)東(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)西部地區代表性(xing)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)城市，基(ji)本代表了(le)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)發(fa)展狀況。2019年(nian)開展的(de)調查顯示，無(wu)論是專利、技術(shu)(shu)等創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)直接(jie)產(chan)出，還是科(ke)技成(cheng)果(guo)應用轉化(hua)，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)微企(qi)(qi)業(ye)與“創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)重要發(fa)源地”的(de)目標(biao)還存在較大差距。這(zhe)一方面與創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)周期有(you)關，另(ling)一方面也在一定程度上反(fan)映了(le)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能力還需要進一步提(ti)升。
中小微企業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)不(bu)足(zu)主要(yao)受部分(fen)客觀條件限制(zhi)。由于企業(ye)規模(mo)較小，盈利能力(li)整體較弱(ruo)，中小微企業(ye)大都缺少(shao)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)資源，創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)經(jing)費投入不(bu)足(zu)，高端(duan)人才普遍短缺。調查顯示，資金和人才是(shi)制(zhi)約企業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)的最主要(yao)因素。創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)具有(you)一(yi)定的風險性，抗(kang)風險能力(li)弱(ruo)也(ye)是(shi)影響中小微企業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)的重要(yao)因素。
鼓勵中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)著力(li)點(dian)。近年(nian)來，我國(guo)出臺了(le)一系(xi)(xi)列政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)，從創業(ye)孵化、財稅政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)、金(jin)融政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)、創新(xin)(xin)(xin)服(fu)務(wu)、資源聚集、國(guo)際(ji)合作等(deng)多個方面給予中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)相應的(de)(de)(de)支持，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)環境(jing)(jing)得到明(ming)顯(xian)改善(shan)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)是(shi)(shi)一項系(xi)(xi)統(tong)工程，企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)決策(ce)者(zhe)(zhe)和管理者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發揮(hui)了(le)決定(ding)性作用，在(zai)加強創新(xin)(xin)(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)支持的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，營造良好的(de)(de)(de)社會創新(xin)(xin)(xin)氛(fen)圍(wei)，著力(li)培育具有創新(xin)(xin)(xin)精神、市(shi)場意識、專業(ye)知識的(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)者(zhe)(zhe)和企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)家隊伍，對于推(tui)動中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義(yi)。此外，公平競爭的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場環境(jing)(jing)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)創新(xin)(xin)(xin)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)條件。